Manufacturing investment may hit bottom and rebound in 2018
Although the core variable affecting the bond market this year is the continuously falling regulatory factors, fundamentals still play a role in fueling the bond market. At the beginning of the year, the logic that the economy was high and low throughout the year, and there may be a significant risk of decline in the second half of the year, has been continuously falsified, which further exacerbates the adjustment pressure on the market. Looking ahead to next year, how will the economic fundamentals evolve? From the perspective of various components of fundamentals, the manufacturing industry can better represent the endogenous growth momentum of the economy. Therefore, we believe that predicting the changes in the manufacturing industry next year will be of great help in grasping the overall economic situation. In this report, we will respectively look forward to next year's manufacturing investment, as well as the related industrial growth rate and industrial enterprise profit situation.
1、 Manufacturing investment may hit bottom and rebound next year
(1) Four major industries can be used to predict manufacturing investment: chemical raw materials, non-metallic minerals, general and specialized equipment manufacturing
In the past two years, the policy of reducing production capacity has led to a weakening of the leading role of industrial enterprise profits in manufacturing investment. In our previous topic "Looking at Future Manufacturing Investment from Enterprise Profits - Macro Series Topic Three of Huachuang Bond Big Data", we pointed out that industrial enterprise profits have a certain predictive significance for manufacturing investment, with a lead time of about one year, but the two trends have shown a certain deviation since 2014. The main reason for this is that under the guidance of market and administrative policies to reduce overcapacity, industries with overcapacity have been greatly impacted, investment growth has continued to decline, and the signal effect of profits on investment has been continuously weakened.
Four major industries can be used to predict manufacturing investment: chemical raw materials, non-metallic minerals, and general and specialized equipment manufacturing. We have selected four main industries based on their absolute values and changes to fit the overall manufacturing investment: chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing, non-metallic mineral products manufacturing, general equipment manufacturing, and specialized equipment manufacturing. The results show that, except for years affected by the financial crisis (the 4 trillion stimulus plan may have broken the original pattern), the manufacturing investment fitted by the four industries is basically consistent with the actual value trend. Therefore, we can make judgments on the overall manufacturing investment next year by predicting the trends of these four industries in 2018.
The four major industries mentioned above can be divided into two categories: overcapacity and non overcapacity industries. Chemical raw materials and non-metallic minerals belong to overcapacity industries, while general and specialized equipment manufacturing industries are non overcapacity industries. Due to the interference of overcapacity reduction policies, there are significant differences in investment logic between industries with overcapacity and non overcapacity. Therefore, when predicting the future investment trends of industries, we will discuss them separately.
(2) Overcapacity industries: With stable overcapacity reduction policies and increased industry concentration in the future, investment growth may slightly rebound
今年产能过剩行业呈现出利润高增速,但投资低迷、甚至落入负增长区间的特征。今年前十个月,非金属矿物制造业和化学原料累计利润增速分别达到了23.2%和37.9%,而对应的投资累计增速却只有1.1%和-3.8%。行政化去产能政策的持续落实推高了价格,带来了相应行业利润增速的抬升。而利润的高增长之所以没有带来投资额的相应增长,我们认为主要有两点原因:一是之前很多企业对未来去产能政策的不确定性较为担忧,所以投资活动并未大规模开展;二是产能过剩行业大多以国企为主,这些企业历史负担较重,尽管今年利润恢复情况较好,但新增利润很大一部分用于偿还历史欠账,叠加资本市场对产能过剩行业态度依然较为谨慎,因此企业实际能够用于投资的资金有限。
展望未来,我们认为明年产能过剩行业的投资或出现回暖的可能,主要有以下几点原因:
首先,经过一年的消化,企业历史欠账得到了一定程度的缓解,并且随着三供一业等企业办社会职能的逐步移交(三供一业移交是指国企将家属区水、电、暖和物业管理职能从国企剥离,国家要求在2018年年底前完成),企业未来能够用于投资的资金将有所改善。
其次,明年去产能大概率将保持平稳,叠加产能过剩行业日益出清,大企业兼并意愿较强。我们以煤炭行业为例,根据我们之前的调研情况,煤炭企业目前限产情况较最严厉时期已经有一定放松。并且考虑到未来煤炭价格如果继续上涨对中下游利润挤压作用,因此明年去产能政策大概率将保持平稳,这也给了企业恢复投资力度以信心。此外,伴随着这两年的去产能进程,部分中小企业受产能落后和过剩产能的影响,面临关停压力,而行业巨头在盈利有所改善之后,兼并意愿有所增加,这也会加大后续投资需求。
最后,我们以上市公司在建工程和固定资产之和作为企业中长期投资代表,我们发现近年部分产能过剩行业中长期投资规模有所下滑或增幅有限,比如钢铁行业今年中长期投资较去年只增长了247亿,而去年合计环比增加了532亿;化工行业中长期投资变化甚至已经落入负数区间。行业长期投资绝对值的下滑不可持续,未来投资活动将有所恢复以保证整个行业的发展。
综合而言,我们认为,产能过剩行业投资已经落入谷底。伴随着去产能政策保持稳定和企业负担逐步化解,行业集中度的提升,龙头企业将有更多动力进行兼并等相关投资活动,预计明年产能过剩行业投资增速或将小幅回升。
(三)非产能过剩行业:利润对投资的指引作用依然成立,明年投资增速将有所增加
通用和专用设备制造业是目前的发展重点,并且行业内企业以民营企业为主,受调控政策影响较小,因此利润到投资的逻辑链条传导比较顺畅。实际数据也支持这一点,通用和专用设备制造业利润对投资的领先作用分别为14和17个月。今年以来,通用设备和专用设备制造业利润增速较往年均保持大幅增长,1-10月累计增速分别为14.6%和27.1%,这意味着明年通用设备和专用设备投资增速将继续增加。
此外,非产能过剩行业产业升级也会带动相关投资增速回升。比如,消费升级带动半导体等行业保持较快发展,国内半导体市场空间巨大,此外根据中国制造业2025目标,2020年中国芯片目标要求自给率要达到40%,目前仍有很大提升空间,因此国家层面对半导体一直都非常重视,给予行业很多政策支持。2014年国家成立集成电路产业投资基金,募集资金近1400亿元。从基金运作计划来看,2014年至2019年是集成电路产业投资基金投资期,另外行业景气度的提升也推动了半导体企业加大自主投资,比如紫光、京东方、中芯国际等企业。
(四)明年制造业投资大概率将触底回升
总的来说,我们认为,去产能政策不断明晰对经济的干预将不断降低,预计未来产能过剩行业投资与利润增速之间的背离关系将慢慢回归正常。另外,考虑到今年非产能过剩行业利润增速较高对投资的引领逻辑依然成立,因此明年制造业投资大概率将触底回升。
二、明年工业增速略有下降,但仍将保持平稳
今年工业增速较前两年相比,呈现出“季度末增速高、中枢水平高于前两年”的特征。那么明年的工业增速会如何呢?我们认为可以从需求端一一分析:
外需方面,今年以来向好的趋势将在明年继续得以延续。今年经济基本面维持平稳一部分原因得益于外贸的持续改善,货物与服务贸易对GDP累计同比的拉动也由负转正,今年三季度达到0.2%。展望明年,各主要经济体PMI依然处在上行的通道,预示着短期外贸向好依然无虞。根据OECD的经济展望报告,将美国2018年经济增速预期由2.4%上调至2.5%,将欧元区2018年预期由1.9%上调至2.1%,维持日本2018年1.2%的增速水平不变,明年海外各主要经济体基本面维持在较高水平,意味着今年以来向好的外贸趋势将在明年继续得以延续。
内需方面,受“房子是用来住的不是用来炒的”调控政策影响,近期房地产销售增速出现了下滑,因此明年房地产投资大概率将下滑,但我们认为下行幅度有限:首先,目前全国土地购置面积依然保持较快的增速水平,并且仍处在上行通道中,更进一步,我们使用全国商品房待售面积除以近三个月平均销售面积用来衡量房地产库存平均去化周期,结果显示目前整个库存去化周期处在近几年较低位置,企业未来仍有继续开发的动力。其次,本轮房地产周期的延长主要归功于棚改货币化政策,根据之前计划,2018-2020年仍将有1500万套棚改计划。最近几个月房地产销售增速下滑主要是受到高基数和今年棚改计划提前完成的共同作用,未来1500万套棚改计划将推动销售增速回升。再次,三四线城市成为今年房地产市场的主角,客观上带动三四线“拿地—开工—竣工”整个房地产链条加速,三四线房企龙头碧桂园更是提出了“四五六快速去化”原则,即从拿地到开盘4个月,5个月现金流回正,6个月回流资金支持其他项目。因此,我们预计明年房地产投资将缓慢下行。
投资的另外一块来自于基建,考虑到一般公共预算收入增速水平较低和往年结转结余部分消耗殆尽,叠加中央出于控制地方政府债务规模而不断对地方政府融资进行规范,市场对明年的基建投资较为悲观。但与此同时,明年处在政府换届年,历史规律告诉我们,地方政府在换届完之后基建投资热情较为高涨。因此,与房地产投资相似,明年基建投资增速下行有底。
除了上述需求以外,这几年消费对基本面的影响越来越不容忽视。目前消费对GDP累计同比贡献率已经达到65%左右,消费成为左右经济基本面走势的核心因素。近两年社零增速始终围绕着10.5%的中枢水平窄幅波动,这也决定基本面整体保持平稳。随着网络、农村消费的崛起和消费升级步伐的加快,明年消费增速仍将保持在较高水平。
决定明年工业的下游需求呈现出分化的特点:基建和房地产投资增速大概率将缓慢下滑,对整体经济形成一定拖累,但另一方面,外贸和消费有望继续保持今年以来的较高的增速水平,为全年经济形成支撑。综合而言,我们认为明年工业增速或将略有下降,但仍将保持平稳。工业企业利润方面,受今年高基数影响,明年PPI增速或有所放缓,但是需要警惕的是油价超预期增长,周五的OPEC维也纳年会决定减产延至明年末,同时两大豁免国将加入限产队伍,叠加明年全球经济不错支撑需求端,油价或将放缓明年PPI的下行速度。受工业增速将保持平稳和PPI缓慢下滑的共同作用,明年工业企业利润回落幅度预计不大。
整体而言,从制造业相关行业判断,明年整体基本面将保持平稳态势。另外,考虑到目前政府对经济增速目标的淡化,所以基本面出现大幅下滑而导致货币政策有所放松的可能性较低。与今年类似,基本面因素或将继续让位于监管,债市未来的走势更多地取决于金融监管变革以及由此带来的金融生态重塑的速度。
(来源:中国工业网 本网编辑:寒 亦)
