Explain the classification of standards in one article

1、 Divided according to the scope of standardization activities

According to the scope of standardization activities, standards can be classified into international standards, regional standards, national standards, industry standards, local standards, group standards, and enterprise standards. Different countries may have different definitions of international standards. China has adopted the definition of international standards in ISO/IEC Guide 2, which states that international standards are standards publicly released by the International Organization for Standardization or the International Organization for Standardization. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) develop and publish international standards according to their own standard revision procedures. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have issued specific international standards within their professional scope. Regional standards are standards adopted and publicly released by regional standard organizations, and are applicable within the regional scope. The three major European standard organizations with significant influence: the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), the European Electrotechnical Standardization Committee (CENELEC), and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) develop and publish European standards. The Pan American Standards Committee (CO PANT) develops and publishes standards for the Pan American region. The African Regional Organization for Standardization (AR SO) has released standards for the African region. National standards are standards adopted and publicly released by national standardization organizations, applicable within a certain country. The national standardization organizations referred to here are recognized standard organizations at the national level, such as the Chinese National Standardization Administration (SAC), British Standards Institution (BSI), German Institute for Standardization (DIN), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC), Russian Federation Technical Regulations and Metrology Bureau (GO STR), Saudi Arabia Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Quality (SASO), etc. Industry standards are standards adopted and publicly released by industry organizations, applicable within the industry scope of a certain country. In China, industry standards are formulated by the relevant administrative departments of the State Council. Local standards are standards adopted and publicly released in a certain region of a country, and are applicable within a certain area of the country. In China, local standards are formulated and published by the standardization administrative departments of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and the standardization administrative departments of cities (prefectures, leagues) approved by them. A group standard is a standard adopted and publicly released by a group standardization organization in a certain country. In China, group standardization organizations can be social organizations such as societies, associations, chambers of commerce, federations, and industrial technology alliances. Group standards are generally applicable within the scope of the group, but some influential social groups may also develop group standards that are applicable on a larger scale in a particular professional field, such as standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), and others. Enterprise standards are various standards developed and approved by the enterprise itself based on the summary of experience and achievements, in order to establish the best order within the enterprise, achieve the enterprise's business policies and strategic goals, and follow the procedures stipulated by the enterprise. Enterprise standards are normative documents of enterprises that need to be prepared, approved, and published in accordance with prescribed procedures. However, the process of formulating enterprise standards is within the scope of the enterprise's own management authority and is independently determined by the enterprise based on its actual situation.

2、 Divided by standardized fields

Standards can be classified according to professional fields, and the International Standard Classification (ICS) is widely used internationally. ICS is a specialized classification system for standard documents published by ISO in 1992, which divides the standardization objects into three levels of categories based on their respective fields and disciplinary characteristics. The first level includes 40 major categories, such as mechanical manufacturing, electrical engineering, telecommunications, agriculture, railway engineering, chemical technology, etc; The first level category is divided into 407 second level categories, of which 134 are subdivided into 896 third level categories. In addition to using ICS to classify standards, China also uses the Chinese Standard Document Classification (CCS). CCS is a classification system specifically designed for standard literature compiled by Chinese organizations and published in 1989. This classification system divides all majors into 24 primary categories and 1606 secondary categories. Among them, the first level category is represented by capital Latin letters for major categories, such as B for agriculture, X for food, etc; Secondary categories are represented by double digits, for example, B10 represents soil and fertilizers in agriculture.

3、 Divided according to standardized objects

According to standardized objects, standards can be classified into product standards, process standards, and service standards. Product standards are standards that specify the requirements that a product needs to meet to ensure its applicability. In addition to applicability requirements, product standards can also directly include or reference requirements such as terminology, sampling, testing, packaging, labeling, and sometimes process requirements. Product standards can be divided into complete standards and incomplete standards based on whether they specify all or part of the necessary requirements. A complete product standard includes various elements such as terminology, classification, requirements, testing, packaging, labeling, etc., while a non complete product standard only includes one or a few aspects. Process standards are standards that specify the requirements that a process needs to meet to ensure its applicability. Process standards such as process specifications and contract formation procedures may be established for the organization of production processes and operational procedures used by equipment operators. Service standards are standards that specify the requirements that a service needs to meet to ensure its applicability. Service standards are typically developed in fields such as restaurant management, transportation, automotive maintenance, telecommunications, insurance, banking, trade, and more.

4、 According to the functional division of standard content

According to the functions of standard content, standards can be classified into terminology standards, symbol standards, classification standards, experimental standards, normative standards, regulatory standards, guideline standards, etc. The terminology standard is a standard for defining the referents and definitions of concepts used in a specific field or discipline. The terms defined in the terminology standards are the basis for technical exchange in professional fields. With strictly defined terms, human technology, production, and trade activities can become possible. Symbol standards are standards that define the forms of representation, meanings, or names of symbols used in specific fields or disciplines. The symbols defined by symbol standards will facilitate communication among people of various languages, cultures, and knowledge backgrounds. These symbols play an irreplaceable role in people's daily lives and scientific and technological activities. Classification criteria are standards that systematically arrange or classify products, processes, or services based on similar characteristics such as source, composition, performance, or use. Classification standards establish order to facilitate communication and exchange by classifying and/or encoding standardized objects according to a certain attribute. A test standard is a standard that comprehensively describes the testing activity and the way conclusions are drawn within a precision range suitable for the specified purpose and given environment. Experimental standards sometimes come with other clauses related to testing, such as sampling, application of statistical methods, sequence of multiple experiments, etc. When appropriate, testing standards may specify the equipment and tools required for conducting testing activities. A normative standard is a standard that specifies the requirements that a product, process, or service needs to meet, as well as the verification methods used to determine whether their requirements have been met. Standard specifications can serve as the basis for procurement and trade, as a basis for determining the conformity of products, processes, or services, and as a benchmark for self declaration and certification. Regulations and standards are standards that specify clear procedures for the process of an activity, as well as traceability/verification methods for determining whether the procedure has been fulfilled. The process includes but is not limited to design, manufacturing, installation, maintenance, or use; Application, evaluation or inspection; Reception, negotiation, signing or delivery, etc. Regulations and standards make it possible to determine whether various activities have followed the prescribed procedures. A guideline standard is a standard that provides universal, principled, and directional guidance on a certain topic with appropriate background knowledge, or provides relevant suggestions or information at the same time. The standardization objects of guideline standards usually involve macro, complex, and emerging topics. In order to strengthen the understanding of these topics and reveal their development patterns, directional guidance, specific suggestions, or valuable reference information need to be provided. This is more suitable for meeting practical needs than specifying specific characteristics, specifying specific procedures for activities, or describing specific detection methods.

5、 Divided by whether it has compulsory enforcement power or not

According to whether the standards have mandatory enforcement power during implementation, they can be classified into different levels of enforcement. ISO/IEC Guide 2 divides standards into mandatory standards and voluntary standards. Mandatory standards are standards that require mandatory application based on exclusive references in general laws or regulations, while voluntary standards are standards that are voluntarily applied. The Standardization Law of our country divides national standards into mandatory standards and recommended standards. Once mandatory standards are released, they must be implemented, and those who violate mandatory standards shall bear corresponding legal responsibilities in accordance with the law; Recommended standards are encouraged by the state to be adopted by relevant parties.

Information source: Standardization of learning